Influence of Operating Fluids on Mechanical Properties of Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3849/aimt.02034Keywords:
chemical compatibility, additive manufacturing, material extrusion, design optimization, temporary repairAbstract
The article examines material extrusion – one of the most accessible additive manufacturing technologies – as a viable option for transforming the operational logistics system supporting temporary repairs of ground military equipment. Nowadays, in many armies, additive manufacturing is starting to act as a game changer in the field of military logistics and material supply. At this stage, the research focused mainly on assessing chemical compatibility and the effect of operating fluids on changing the mechanical properties of materials. Based on the evaluation of the results, the chemical compatibility of the materials and operating fluids most commonly used in the field of ground military equipment was determined. The final part of the work defines the basic prerequisites for the design of components manufactured in this way, including the example given.
References
BADIRU, A.B., V.V. VALENCIA and D. LIU. Additive Manufacturing Hand-book: Product Development for the Defense Industry. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-367-87121-5.
BUCHANAN, C. and L. GARDNER. Metal 3D Printing in Construction: A Re-view of Methods, Research, Applications, Opportunities and Challenges. Engi-neering Structures, 2019, 180, pp. 332-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.045.
YI, L., C. GLÄSSNER and J.C. AURICH. How to Integrate Additive Manufac-turing Technologies into Manufacturing Systems Successfully: A Perspective from the Commercial Vehicle Industry. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 2019, 53, pp. 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2019.09.007.
BLINDHEIM, J., T. WELO and M. STEINERT. First Demonstration of a New Additive Manufacturing Process Based on Metal Extrusion and Solid-State Bonding. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2019, 105(5), pp. 2523-2530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04385-8.
EN ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive Manufacturing – General Principles – Funda-mentals and Vocabulary. 2nd ed. [online]. 2022 [viewed 2025-01-10]. Availa-ble from: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-astm:52900:ed-2:v1:en
LI, K., T. YANG, N. GONG, J. WU and X. WU. Additive Manufacturing of Ul-tra-High Strength Steels: A Review. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 965, 171390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171390.
SONG, Y., Y. GHAFARI, A. ASEFNEJAD and D. TOGHRAIE. An Overview of Selective Laser Sintering 3D Printing Technology for Biomedical and Sports Device Applications: Processes, Materials, and Applications. Optics & Laser Technology, 2024, 171, 110459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.110459.
GOODRIDGE, R.D., C.J. TUCK and R.J.M. HAGUE. Laser Sintering of Polyam-ides and Other Polymers. Progress in Materials Science, 2012, 57(2), pp. 229-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.04.001.
Sharing of Plastic 3D Printing Capacities for the Production of Welding and Trimming Fixtures [online]. 2023 [viewed 2025-07-03]. Available from: https://fablab.skoda-auto.cz/sharing-of-plastic-3d-printing-capacities-for-the-production-of-welding-and-trimming-fixtures
3D Metallic Printing [online]. [viewed 2025-07-03]. Available from: https://skoda-naradovna.cz/en/3d-metallic-printing/
PEELS, J. Toyota Taps SOLIZE to 3D Print Functional Parts for Lexus [online]. 2023 [viewed 2025-07-03]. Available from: https://3dprint.com/303252/toyota-taps-solize-to-3d-print-functional-parts-for-lexus/
MARCINIAK, M. The 3D Printing in Military Applications: FDM Technology, Materials, and Implications. Advances in Military Technology. 2023, 18(2), pp. 241-257. https://doi.org/10.3849/aimt.01846.
The Mission of WIWeB [online]. [viewed 2025-01-23]. Available from: https://www.bundeswehr.de/en/organization/equipment/organization/wiweb
SWANK, K. RIA JMTC Leads the Charge in 3D Printed Drone Production, Uniting the Organic Industrial Base for Future Warfare [online]. 2025 [viewed 2025-07-03]. Available from: https://www.dvidshub.net/news/498498/ria-jmtc-leads-charge-3d-printed-drone-production-uniting-organic-industrial-base-future-warfare
3D-Druck Bei der Bundeswehr: Ein Interview (in German) [online]. 2019 [viewed 2025-01-23]. Available from: https://www.3dnatives.com/de/3d-druck-bei-der-bundeswehr-ein-interview-231220191/
DAVE, H.K. and J.P. DAVIM, eds. Fused Deposition Modeling Based 3D Print-ing. Cham: Springer, 2021. ISBN 978-3-030-68024-4.
SAMAL, B.B., et al. Role of Additive Manufacturing in the Era of Industry 4.0. In: B.B. SAMAL, C.S. KUMAR and S.K. VARSHNEY, eds. 4D Printing Tech-nology: Principles, Materials and Applications. Hoboken: Wiley, 2025. ISBN 1-394-21258-5.
FDM Technology [online]. 2025 [viewed 2025-01-13]. Available from: https://www.stratasys.com/en/guide-to-3d-printing/technologies-and-materials/fdm-technology/
LEARY, M. Material Extrusion. In: Design for Additive Manufacturing. Am-sterdam: Elsevier, 2020. ISBN 0-12-816721-1.
Ender-3 V3 [online]. 2025 [viewed 2025-01-14]. Available from: https://www.creality.com/products/creality-ender-3-v3
What is the Printing Precision/Tolerance of the Original Prusa? [online]. [viewed 2025-01-14]. Available from: https://help.prusa3d.com/article/faq-frequently-asked-questions_1932
GOLAB, M., S. MASSEY and J. MOULTRIE. How Generalisable Are Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Parameter Optimisation Studies? A System-atic Review. Heliyon, 2022, 8(11), e11592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11592.
Carbon Fiber [online]. 2024 [viewed 2024-11-28]. Available from: https://markforged.com/materials/continuous-fibers/continuous-carbon-fiber
Designing Fiber Composites Produced Via Additive Manufacturing [online]. 2025 [viewed 2026-03-03]. Available from: https://www.cadfem.net/en/cadfem-informs/media-center/cadfem-journal/9t-labs.html
FINK, J.K. Reactive Polymers: Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd ed. Am-sterdam: Elsevier, 2013. ISBN 978-1-4557-3149-7.
HMEIDAT, N.S., R.C. PACK, S.J. TALLEY, R.B. MOORE and B.G. COMPTON. Mechanical Anisotropy in Polymer Composites Produced by Material Extru-sion Additive Manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing, 2020, 34, 101385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101385.
KHOSRAVANI, M.R., M.R. AYATOLLAHI and T. REINICKE. Effects of Post-Processing Techniques on the Mechanical Characterization of Additively Manufactured Parts. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2023, 107, pp. 98-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.10.018.
RAUHA, I., C. KAUPPINEN, Z. LIU, S. ASIKAINEN and S. SPOLJARIC. Chem-ical Compatibility of Fused Filament Fabrication-Based 3-D Printed Compo-nents with Solutions Commonly Used in Semiconductor Wet Processing. Addi-tive Manufacturing, 2018, 23, pp. 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.07.015.
EROKHIN, K.S., E.G. GORDEEV and V.P. ANANIKOV. Revealing Interactions of Layered Polymeric Materials at Solid–Liquid Interface for Building Solvent Compatibility Charts for 3D Printing Applications. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1), 20177. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56350-w.
KIM, Y. and H. OH. Comparison between Multiple Regression Analysis, Poly-nomial Regression Analysis, and an Artificial Neural Network for Tensile Strength Prediction of BFRP and GFRP. Materials, 2021, 14(17), 4861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174861.
OSTERTAGOVÁ, E. Modelling Using Polynomial Regression. Procedia Engi-neering, 2012, 48, pp. 500-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.545.
SEDLÁK, J., et al. Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Plastic Samples Subjected to Selected Degradation Effects. Materials, 2023, 16(8), 3268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083268.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Advances in Military Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Users can use, reuse and build upon the material published in the journal for any purpose, even commercially.
