The international journal of Advances in Military Technology is a peer reviewed journal that provides insight into theoretical considerations and practical innovations in military and security technology. The journal covers a broad spectrum of interests including research, development, design, manufacturing, control, utilization, reliability, sustainability, and the effectiveness of new technologies for military and security requirements. AiMT builds a bridge between theoretical perspectives and practical considerations that are of active interest to the academic, scientific, business and policy communities. The journal welcomes original contributions of theoretical and practical interest, which have not been submitted to other journals, nor previously published. All submissions are refereed in a peer review process by experts appointed by the Editorial Board. AiMT is published semi-annually in June and December. Contributions are only published in English. Current issue vol. 20 no. 2. (2025) Forthcoming issue vol. 21 no. 1. (2026)
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Book review: Synthetic Reality: AI, the Metaverse, and the Ethics of a New Digital Humanism
This review evaluates Marco Marsili’s Synthetic Reality – AI, the Metaverse, and the Ethics of a New Digital Humanism from the perspective of military technology research. Although Marsili’s book is fundamentally philosophical and ethical, it provides conceptual frameworks directly relevant to understanding how artificial intelligence (AI), simulation, and immersive environments influence military decision-making, autonomy, and governance. The review connects Marsili’s insights with contemporary research on AI, command-and-control systems, and simulation practices used in military contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Advances in Military Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Performance of GNSS Configurations in Malaysia: GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, and Galileo
This study investigates the performance of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) configurations in Malaysia under both static and kinematic conditions. Data were collected using a U-blox NEO-M8N receiver to evaluate GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, and their combinations. Results indicate that the GPS+BeiDou configuration consistently outperforms others in terms of positioning accuracy, altitude stability, and trajectory consistency. Static analysis shows minimal coordinate dispersion and altitude fluctuation, while kinematic tests confirm robust performance in challenging environments with multipath effects. Dilution of precision (HDOP, VDOP, PDOP) metrics further validate the superior reliability of GPS+BeiDou. Overall, the findings highlight GPS+BeiDou as the optimal configuration for precise and reliable positioning in Malaysian environments.
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
An Empirical Approach to Estimate the Reliability of LEDs as Components of Military Equipment
Military equipment is highly specialized and integrates advanced technologies to operate reliably in complex environments. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are increasingly used in military systems due to their superior performance, long lifetime, and high reliability, making their reliability critical to overall system effectiveness and combat capability. This study proposes an empirical framework for estimating LED reliability using accelerated reliability testing combined with statistical analysis, explicitly linking test conditions to actual operating conditions. The methodology follows a structured, stepwise procedure encompassing test design, data acquisition, and reliability estimation. It is applied to LEDs subjected to frequent ON/OFF cycling, yielding robust estimates of the lifetime distribution, survival function, and cumulative hazard function.
Investigation of Vehicle Vibrations During Traversal of Speed Bumps
Speed bumps are commonly used to reduce accidents caused by excessive speed, especially in populated or narrow areas. Their design and placement, however, must ensure vehicle stability and driver comfort. This study develops an 8-degree-of-freedom (8‑DoF) vehicle vibration model incorporating road surface equations with various speed bump configurations. Different bump heights and staggered arrangements are analyzed to produce complex vibration responses. Experimental tests on a 2019 Toyota RAV4 validate the model by measuring vibrations over multiple bump types. The results show strong agreement between simulated and experimental data, offering valuable guidance for designing speed bumps that effectively enhance traffic safety while minimizing discomfort.
Copyright (c) 2025 Advances in Military Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Use of Wearable Systems for Measuring Biomedical Data in Special Units – Current State and User Evaluation
The service of special units demands high physical and mental endurance, exposing personnel to danger, stress, and CBRN threats that cause long-term exhaustion. Wearable systems offer a promising means to monitor biomedical data, enhancing intervention effectiveness and responder safety. This article reviews current wearable technologies, proposes a user evaluation procedure, and assesses their usability in operational contexts regarding ergonomics, functionality, and benefits. Five commercial systems (Garmin Tactix 7, Movesense Flash, Hexoskin Smart Shirt, Cosinuss° One, Ultrahuman Ring) were tested by the COMMANDOS unit. Results showed the Movesense Flash system had the best usability and reliability. Findings highlight the potential of commercial wearables for special operations, despite trade-offs between comfort, accuracy, and practicality.
Evaluation of Flight Parameters for Lidar-Equipped UAS Mapping
This article proposes optimization of flight parameters for a Class 1 UAS equipped with multiple sensors in field applications, such as topography and object recognition. A commercial automotive- grade lidar was integrated with a photogrammetry camera on a UAS. A theoretical overview and a numerical model of the system’s range and resolution were developed. Multiple area mapping missions were executed over two years with various flight parameters, and atmospheric conditions, using standardized targets to evaluate system performance. Resulting data sets were post-processed, merged, and cross-referenced with satellite imagery. Results were compared to the numerical model and discussed. We propose an optimal use case illustrating how overlaying multi-sensor data enhances object recognition, and we outline directions for future work.
Comparative Analysis of Next-Gen Single-Crystal Nickel Superalloys for HPT Blades via FEM
This study details a structural integrity evaluation of a high-pressure turbine (HPT) blade made up of three nickel-based single-crystal superalloys, specifically CMSX-4, CMSX-8, and CMSX-4 Plus. Finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate stress, strain, deformation, and safety factor under real thermal and mechanical loading. Aerodynamic precision was simulated in blade geometry, discretized using tetrahedral elements, and fixed root and surface pressure was applied. Material information was used from experimental sources. Results showed similar levels of stress for all alloys, but differences in strain and deformation were noted. CMSX-8 registered the lowest deformation and highest safety factor, indicating better mechanical performance and appropriateness as the material of choice for future high-performance turbine blades.
Study on the Influence of Edge-Thickness Liner on Explosively Formed Projectiles
This study investigates the effect of liner thickness distribution, expressed as the edge-to-apex ratio (δ₂/δ₁), on the formation and performance of explosively formed projectiles (EFP). Numerical simulations and experimental tests were conducted to assess key parameters such as velocity, projectile shape, flight stability, and pene-tration depth. Results show that low δ₂/δ₁ ratios lead to blunt, large-diameter pro-jectiles with poor aerodynamic properties, while high ratios produce slender shapes that often develop hollow tails, reducing stability and penetration. The most effective performance was achieved at moderate δ₂/δ₁ values (around 0.4–0.6), where a favorable balance between collapse dynamics, shape, and mass distribu-tion resulted in improved flight behavior and terminal effectiveness. These insights are useful for optimizing EFP warhead design.
Countering FPV Drones: Insights from Ukraine’s Combat Experience
First-person view (FPV) drones, a type of strike unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), have become a serious threat on the battlefield. Owing to their maneuverability, speed and remote-control capabilities, they are widely employed by the enemy to destroy moving and armored vehicles, engage detected targets, and conduct surveillance and reconnaissance. Control is often carried out via fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL). The purpose of this article is to analyze the enemy’s use of FPV drones and to identify effective, non-traditional ways of countering them. The article also presents measures developed to neutralize enemy UAVs and provides an overview of experimental testing.
Elevator Deflection and Lift Control of Subsonic Military Aircraft Using PLC and HMI
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)-based control system for elevator deflection and lift control in subsonic military aircraft is proposed. The system utilizes Siemens PLC and a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) to provide real-time monitoring and adjustment of elevator angles to optimize aircraft performance. The integration of automation in aircraft control improves precision, reduces human error, and enhances operational efficiency. The paper examines the theoretical principles underlying elevator deflection, the control algorithms implemented, and the experimental setup used to validate the system’s performance. The design of a PLC-based closed-loop elevator control system is experimentally validated with a measured 0.1 s response time, demonstrating improved precision compared to manual control.
Considerations for Delay and Sum Beamformer on a Multi-Core Processor
This paper presents a real-time, scalable beamformer solution utilizing Intel multicore processors for a Passive Surveillance Sonar (PSS) system. With larger arrays being developed to address the complexities of the ocean environment, the demand to handle high-bandwidth data in the beamformer has become essential. The time-domain delay-and-sum beamformer is analyzed for a cylindrical array, and the best configuration is selected for a simplified realization. The beamformer is demanding in terms of both computation and memory. Considerations for developing an optimized implementation on a multicore machine are discussed, along with the realization of a scalable solution. The beamformer is evaluated for performance with arrays of varying complexities and successfully meets real-time requirements. Finally, a solution for a PSS with a panoramic 450-beam configuration, which has evolved based on this concept, demonstrates the capabilities of the proposed approach.
Research on the Reflectivity of Lens Air Target Simulators
To simulate air targets of various types in the ultrahigh frequency radar range, multilayer spherical Luneberg lenses have become widely used. The reflective properties of such lenses depend on both their absolute dimensions and irradiation frequency, and on the properties of the dielectric material, design features, and their manufacturing technology. This research considers six-layer spherical Luneberg lenses with their uniform division into layers by dielectric permittivity. The calculations performed have shown that the average absolute error in the approximation of the dielectric permittivity to the theoretical law of change when the lens is uniformly divided into six layers by dielectric permittivity is no more than 6.8 %. Theoretical calculations and experimental studies have revealed the influence of the design features of spherical lenses, the characteristics of the dielectric material, and the features of the manufacturing technology on the reflective properties of such air target simulators.
Mathematical Model of the Current Time of a Five Fragment Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Signal
The paper proposes a mathematical model of a five-fragment nonlinear frequency-modulated signal with a reduced level of the lateral lobes of the autocorrelation function. The decrease in the maximum level of the lateral lobes of the autocorrelation function is due to an increase in the number of signal fragments, a rational choice of their frequency-time characteristics, and compensation of frequency-phase distortions at their junctions. It is shown that this leads to an improvement in the spectral characteristics of the resulting signals. An estimate of the quality of detection of the synthesized signal against the background of reflections from local objects is obtained.
Research on the Parameters of Jet-Abrasive Devices for Battlefield Gun Barrel Restoration
This article investigates a jet-abrasive installation with a device for cleaning gun barrels, developed for field conditions. The possibility of efficient cleaning of artillery barrel surfaces without the need for stationary conditions is evaluated, which is crucial for maintaining the combat readiness of equipment during intensive combat operations. A special guiding device holding multiple sandblasting nozzles is used, ensuring an optimal flow of the air-abrasive mixture and improving the processing efficiency. The conducted experiments show the significant impact of the nozzle geometry on surface treatment parameters, demonstrating that the use of a special device enhances both the economic efficiency and processing speed. The study emphasizes the importance of developing technologies that reduce the time spent on restoration work while ensuring the effectiveness of cleaning procedures in the field.
Multi-Criteria Optimization of Complex Technical Systems
The wide functionality and high structural complexity of modern technical systems necessitate the search for new, universal methods for their optimization. The article proposes a multi-criteria optimization method, which allows ranking competitive configurations of complex technical systems in terms of formalized and non-formalized expression of optimality criteria.
Long-Term Performance Degradation of Polyurethane Foam Fillers in Military Aircraft Fuel Tanks
Military aircraft fuel tanks are equipped with channel fillers made of elastic porous polymeric materials that are used to prevent explosions. Exposure to aviation fuel alters the morphological structure of the tank filler. To assess the behavior of the polymer material under fire conditions, three samples of polyurethane foam filler (new, exposed to fuel for 5 years, and for 10 years) for heat resistance and operational reliability were tested. The results confirmed that aging affects the reliability and heat resistance of the filler. Given the critical role of these fillers in military aircraft, ensuring their long-term performance is essential for operational safety. Based on the results, recommendations have been developed to enhance the operational performance of aircraft fuel tank fillers.
Principles for Safe Use of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed Reality in Flight Training
The present article focuses on key flight safety issues in the use of virtual reality, augmented reality, or mixed reality technologies in military flight training. It summarizes what is known and traceable to date about the potential benefits and dangers of using virtual technologies. In relation to these findings, the article then presents options for effective recovery from work in virtual environments, a set of safety recommendations to reduce the likelihood of negative impacts on the userʼs health and fitness, and groups of potential at-risk users for whom working in virtual, augmented, or mixed reality environments should be carefully considered and, where appropriate, subjected to increased supervision. Finally, the article summarizes the logical principles and recommendations for effective and safe work with virtual technologies, not only in the flight training.
Selecting Double-Base Propellants for a 120 mm Mortar Rocket Assisted Projectile through DoE
Range extension of a 120 mm mortar projectile can be attained by a rocket motor within the grenade body. This study deals with the design of experiments-based methodology to identify double-base propellant compositions conceptually feasible for such a motor, from a thermochemical viewpoint. Formulations were defined under low vulnerability and green principles, using Minitab® Statistical Software, following mixture design techniques to account for intrinsic constraints. The thermochemical behavior of these formulations was simulated with a specialized software, taking theoretical characteristic velocity c* as a performance indicator. An empirical model was then fitted, permitting the identification of a set of favorable compositions leading to c* enhancement, regarding a reference double-base propellant, thus unveiling the design possibility of rocket motor downsizing.
Research on Coil Design to Improve Performance of Disc-Shaped Magnetorheological Brakes
This study investigates the impact of various coil parameters on the working efficiency of disc-form magnetorheological brakes (MRBs). While earlier research predominantly addressed coil shape and count, the present work examines less-explored factors, including coil installation position and conductor diameter. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations were performed to analyze the relationships among braking torque, coil geometry, and applied current, with a particular focus on enhancing the torque-to-mass ratio (T/M) to optimize both performance and cost-effectiveness. Results demonstrate that reducing the air gap between the coil and the MR fluid layer effectively concentrates magnetic flux, yielding a substantial increase in braking torque. The study offers comprehensive insights into coil design and configuration and proposes recommendations to improve MRB performance while maintaining economic feasibility.
Camouflage Woven Fabric Hooded Cloak for Protection against Thermal Surveillance Imagers
This article enumerates a number of up-to-date achievements in the field of creating metamaterials that can theoretically be used when manufacturing the means of camouflage for armed forces personnel. A high-performance version of the design of camouflage hooded cloak for protecting servicemen is presented. The presence of slot air flaps for the air exchange via thermal convection between the external environment and the internal cavity of the cloak will prevent the formation of unwanted zones of localized heat concentration with the presence of an elevated temperature on the surface of the cloak fabric in the course of a long period of use. Prototypes of such a design of an invisibility cloak have successfully passed tests during combat operations in Ukraine.
Model for Assessing Potential Capabilities of Surface-to-Air Missile Forces Group to Repel Air Attacks
To construct the model, a theorem on specific properties of Markov graphs is proven. Based on this, an analytical representation of the model described in the title is derived within the framework of continuous-time, discrete-state Markov processes. The model accounts for the structure of surface-to-air missile systems (SAMS) in ground-based group battle formations, as well as the formations of means of air attack (MAA) in the air. Its validity is confirmed by showing that the analytical model can be reduced to known and previously verified models. The results demonstrate that relying on traditional models can overestimate the effectiveness of SAMS groupings by up to three times, potentially leading to incorrect conclusions about their capability to accomplish combat missions.
Autonomous Weapons Systems Guided by Agentic AI:Lessons for Morocco’s Security and Defense
In this research, we aim to explore the implication of Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) within the context of Moroccan security and defense. To achieve this, we analyze the ethical and strategic dimensions associated with the integration of these systems. While AWS present certain advantages and potential benefits, their adoption could also undermine Morocco’s regulatory and technological governance frameworks, thereby increasing risks to national security and defense. Our approach includes a comprehensive literature review, a comparative analysis of notable international cases, and a detailed examination of key documents. Based on this analysis, we seek to provide clear guidelines and practical recommendations to support the responsible integration of AWS into Morocco’s security and defense infrastructure.
Design of a Low Frequency, Wideband Tonpilz Transducer for Sonar Applications
Tonpilz transducers are the most widely used transducers for sonar applications due to their good acoustic performance, simple construction, ease of array formation and long service life. However, the large size and mass required for low-frequency transducers limit their typical use to frequencies above 2 kHz. Another limitation is its low bandwidth. In this paper, an attempt is made to design a transducer with a resonance frequency of 1 kHz and a source level of 190 dB or more with a useful bandwidth of more than two octaves. The finite element method is used to model the transducer and to study the effect of important parameters on Transmitting Voltage Response (TVR). Based on the study an optimum design is proposed. The studies reveal that the dimensions of the piezoceramic stack and head mass significantly affect TVR.
Evaporation and Flammability Studies of Jet A-1 Fuel Blended with n-hexane and Domestic Grade Kerosene
In the present study, Jet A-1 blended fuels were prepared using n-hexane and domestic-grade kerosene in different ratios. Afterwards, characterization studies were conducted which includes, a) density, b) dynamic/kinematic viscosity, c) calorific value, d) flammability, and e) evaporation constant. For evaporation studies, an in-house developed hanging droplet method was used. Evaporation constant (λ) was determined for each sample by varying the heat flux and by noting down the evaporation time. From the experiments, positive result was obtained for the blends of n-hexane and domestic grade kerosene with Jet A-1. From the obtained results, it was observed that blends of 90 % Jet A-1, 5 % n-hexane & 5 % DGK, and blends of 80 % Jet A-1 & 20 % n-hexane show the better results.
Design and Validation of a Low Frequency Anti-Vibration Mount using NBR-Carbon Fiber Composite
The vibrations generated by onboard machinery can adversely impact stealth of marine platforms. Designers typically mitigate the source of vibration; however additional passive anti-vibration mounts have to be used for isolating equipment above a specific frequency threshold. This study focuses on the development, testing, and comparative evaluation of composite anti-vibration mounts incorporating short carbon fiber reinforcement in an NBR matrix. Three damping elements designs were optimized based on the stress-strain properties of five NBR compositions with varying short-fiber loading. The research involved designing and testing the mounts, FEM of the materials, FEA of the mounts, and experimental validation. Among the tested designs, model-2 with 2 parts per hundred rubber (phr) fiber loading demonstrated superior vibration damping performance for low-frequency applications.
Innovative Concept of Augmented Reality Training for Countering UAVs
Contemporary armed conflicts are characterized by the increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). One key approach is firearm-based defense. This paper presents the concept of an innovative trainer based on augmented reality (AR) technology. The system integrates a virtual environment generated by the Unreal Engine in real-time (including realistic models of drones and firearms) with real-world maps displayed through HoloLens 2 glasses. The paper covers the technical design and implementation, enabling battlefield simulation. The prototype includes features such as dynamic training scenario generation, real-time user position synchronization, and realistic UAV behavior simulation. Findings highlight AR’s potential in military training while addressing challenges like GPS integration and cross-environment synchronization. The system demonstrates selected capabilities for the future of military training.
Assessment of the Defeating Effectiveness of Ballistic Missiles by Air Defense Systems
Combating tactical and short-range ballistic missiles in modern military conflicts is the most critical task of the air defense forces. The paper describes a method for assessing the effectiveness of hitting tactical and short-range ballistic missiles by an anti-aircraft missile system, which considers the time characteristics of the stages of the combat operation process of an anti-aircraft missile system. The anti-aircraft missile system functions as a part of the tactical missile defense system. The method is advisable to use when deciding to protect facilities from ballistic missile strikes.
probability distribution density of time characteristic
Calculation of Frequency-Territorial Separation Norms for Decimeter Radio-Electronic Means
The paper considers the main models of radio wave propagation used in the calculation of radio lines in the line-of-sight area. It has been shown that to calculate the frequency-territorial separation norms, the Vvedensky reflective model is advisable. The methodology for calculating the frequency-territorial separation norms and the peculiarities of its application for radio-electronic means operating in the decimeter-wave range are determined. Failure to take into account the attenuation multiplier during radio wave propagation within the scope of the Vvedensky formula leads to an error in the calculation of the interference power at the input of the interference receiver-receptor and to an erroneous increase in frequency separation during the development of frequency-territorial separation norms for decimeter radio-electronic means.
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Influence of Liner Height on Explosively Formed Projectiles
Explosively Formed Projectiles (EFP) are widely used in both military and civilian sectors for their ability to strike distant targets effectively. This study investigates EFP formation and penetration using Ansys Autodyn simulations and experimental validation. Focusing on the EFP warhead structure, it analyzes how liner height influences projectile performance. Results show that variations in liner height significantly affect the EFP’s velocity, penetration depth, and diameter in steel targets. The study finds that an optimal liner height between 0.2 and 0.3 times the liner diameter yields the best projectile shape and dynamics. These findings offer practical guidance for selecting liner geometry in EFP warhead design.
Design of a Passive Heat-Rejecting Thermal ImagingLens for Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR)
The paper presents a method for calculating a thermal imaging objective lens working with an uncooled detector in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectral region with the ability to passively remove optical heat based on the selection of appropriate materials. The objective lens optical system consists of only 3 spherical lenses made from three types of infrared materials with different refractive indices and dispersions. The simulation results show that the thermal imaging objective lens optical system has good quality, fully meeting the requirements for image quality, with the ability to completely passively remove heat.